Transmission



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' TRANSMISSION Filed oct. 2, 1951 e sheets-sheet s Y R. W. WAYMAN Nov. 13, 1956 TRANSMISSION 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Oct. 2, .1951

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United States Patent O rnaNsMissroN Robert W. Wayman, Muncie, Ind., assignor to Borg- Warner Corporation, Chicago, Hl., a corporation of Illinois Application October 2, 1951, Serial No. 249,296 14 Claims. (Cl. 74--472) My invention relates to transmissions for automotive vehicles, and more particularly to hydraulic controls for such transmissions.

The present invention constitutes an improvement in transmission controls over the transmission controls shown in my co-pending application, Serial No. 166,136, filed June 5, 1950, for Controls for Power Transmission. ln this prior application, I `disclose a transmission having first and second friction clutches and first and second friction brakes. Three forward drive power trains are obtained when the first one of the clutches is engaged, together with the first brake for a low speed forward drive, together with the second brake for an intermediate speed forward drive and together with the second clutch for a high speed forward drive, and a reverse drive is obtained when the second clutch together with the first brake are engaged. Hydraulic pressure control means is included in the transmission controls in this prior application for providing a line pressure applied to the clutches which increases with vehicle engine throttle opening and decreases with vehicle speed, and extra fluid pressure regulating means is provided for supplying a regulated pressure to the first brake which is less than line pressure for the low speed forward drive. The same line pressure that is applied to the second clutch is applied to the first brake for the reverse drive.

lt is an object of the present invention to provide a modified system of hydraulic controls which applies the same decreased pressure to the first brake for both the low forward and the reverse drive power trains for the purpose of decreasing the jar to the transmission and the vehicle on the initial engagement of the first brake for the reverse drive.

The second brake in the above application is shown as being engaged by this line pressure that increases with the throttle opening and decreases with vehicle speed. It is an object of the present invention to provide an additional fluid pressure modulating means under the control of the vehicle accelerator for providing a pressure decreased with respect to line pressure, which is applied to the second brake for engaging it and which increases with engine throttle opening and decreases with vehicle speed, for the purpose of smoothing changes from intermediate speed drive to high speed drive or vice versa at closed or nearly closed engine throttle openings.

The invention consists of the novel constructions, arrangements and devices to be hereinafter described and claimed for carrying out the above stated objects and such other objects as will appear from the following description of a preferred form of the invention, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. l is a diagram illustrating the relative positions in which the component Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D shall be placed to form a complete view;

Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D, when placed together as illustrated in Fig. l, are a diagrammatic illustration of a transmission and an associated hydraulic control sys-v tem embodying the principles of the invention;

j2,770,148 Patented Nov. 13, 1956 Fig. 2 is a graph showing the variations, with changes in throttle opening and vehicle speed, of line pressure applied to the clutches of the transmission for high range forward driving conditions.

Fig. 3 is a graph showing the variations-of uid pressure applied to the piston for the second brake for engaging the brake with changes in vehicle speed and engine throttle opening.

Fig. 4 is a graph showing transitory pressure variations on an apply piston for the second brake and on the second clutch in changing from second speed to third speed; and

Fig. 5 is a graph showing the variations with changes in throttle opening and vehicle speed of line pressure applied to the first clutch in low range forward drive condition of the transmission.

Like characters of reference designate like parts in the several views.

Referring now in particular to Fig. 1A of the drawings, the transmission may be seen to comprise a drive shaft 25, a driven shaft 26 and intermediate shafts 27 and 28. The shaft 25 may be the usual crankshaft of the vehicle engine, and the shaft 26 may be connected by any suitable means (not shown) with the driving road wheels of the vehicle. The shafts 27 and 28 are in effect piloted with respect to the shafts 25 and 26. The`transmission comprises in general, a hydraulic torque converter 30, hydraulically operated friction clutches 31 and 32, hy-

draulically operated friction brakes 33 and '34 and a Y planetary gear set 35.

The hydraulic torque converter 30 comprises a varied impeller element 36, a vaned rotor or driven element 37 and a vaned stator or reaction element 38. The irnpeller 36 is driven from the drive shaft 25 and the rotor 37 is fixed to the intermediate shaft 27. The stator 38 is rotatably disposed on a stationary sleeve'42, and' a one-way brake 43 is disposed between the stator and the sleeve 42. The one-way brake 43 may be of any suitable construction, and, in the illustrated embodiment, comprises a plurality of tiltable sprags 44 disposed between the sleeve 42 and an outer race 46 fixed with respect to the stator 38. The one-way brake 43 is so arranged as to allow a free rotation of the stator 38 in the forward direction, that is in the same direction in which the drive shaft 2.5 rotates and which is indicated by the arrow 51 andV prevents a rotation of the .stator in the reverse direction. e e

The torque converter 30 functions in a manner well known' for such torque converters for driving the rotor or driven element 37 at an increased torque withv respect to the torque impressed on`the impeller 36 lof the converter.` The vanes of the stator 38 function to change the direction ofv ow of fluid between the rotor and impeller so as to provide this increased torque on the driven element 37. In this case the reaction on the stator 33 is in the direction reverse to the rotation of the drive shaft 25, so that the one-way brake 43 engages and prevents rotation of the stator in this direction. When the speed of the driven element or rotor 37 reaches. a predetermined value, the reaction on the vanes of the stator 38 changes in direction, tending to rotate the stator in the forward direction, and the brake 43`releases and allows such rotation of the stator.' ln this case, the torque converter 30 functions as a simple uid coupling to drive the rotor 37 at substantially the same speed and with no increase in torque with respect to the impeller 36.

The planetary gear set 35comprises a sun gear 55 which is fixed on the shaft 28, a second sun gear S6 fixed on a sleeve portion 57 which is rotatable on the shaft 28, a ring gear 58 fixed with respect to the driven shaft 26, -a plurality of planet gears 60, a plurality of -formed thereon. '65 splined on to a hub member 66 which is fixed on pressure member on the other sideV ofthe discs.

planet gears 61 and a planet gear carrier 62. Each planet gear 60 and each of the planet gears 61 is rotatably disposed in the carrier 62. "The gear carrier 62 is rotatably disposed with respect "to the shaft 28 and shaft portion 57 by any suitable'bearings. The planet gears 61 are each in mesh with the sun gear SS'and also with a planet gear 60. The gears 60 are also in mesh with the ringgear 58, and the gears 60 are in mesh with the sun gearA 56.

The clutch 31 is arranged to connect the shaft 27 driven by the rotor 37 with the shaft 28'and the sun gear 55 The! clutch 31 comprises clutch discs the shaftZS. VThe'clutch also comprises clutch discs 67 interleaved between the discs 65 and fixed within a member 63 rotatably disposed on the shaft 28 and fixed to the shaft 27 'so .as to be driven by the latter shaft.

The Vclutch31 comprises a movable pressure plate 70 splined within the member 68 and adapted to press the friction discs 65 and 67 together in frictional engagement between it and the enlarged portion 69 which acts `as a An annular piston 71 is provided for actuating the movable pressure plate 70. Pressure from the piston 71 is transmitted to the pressure plate 70 through a spring strut 73. The strut 73 at its inner periphery is acted on by the piston 71,-so that its inner periphery moves axially with respect to its outer periphery .and moves the pressure plate 70 which is acted on by the strut 73 at intermediate points thereof. The resilient action of the ring 73 functions to return the piston back into its illustrated position when fluid pressure, applied as will be hereinafter described, is released from the piston.

The clutch 32 is arranged to connect the part 68 and thereby the shaft 27 with the shaft portion 57 and sun gear 56 and comprises clutch discs 75 splined on to the member 68 and clutch discs 76 splined within a member 77 which is xed to the shaft portion 57. A pressure plate portion 78 is xed to the member 77 on one side of the clutch discs, and an annular hydraulic piston 79 is provided on the other side of the discs for compressing the discs between it and thepressure plate portion 78.

Fluid under pressure is supplied to the piston 71 by a passage 83. A passage 86 is provided for supplying uid under pressure to the piston 79. The passages 83 and 86, which are stationary, are connected with the rotatable parts 68 and 77 by any suitable manifold means (not shown).

The Vbrake 33 comprises a brake band 90 adapted to be contracted on the part 77 for thereby braking the sun gear 56. One end of the band 90 is fixed, and the other end is adapted to have force applied to it for tightening the band on the part 77 by means of a strut 93 disposed between thisV end of the band and one end of a lever 94. The lever 94 is acted on at its opposite end by a piston 98. A spring 99 is provided for yieldably holding the piston 98 in its brake disengaging position. Fluid pressure/chambers 101 and 102 are provided on opposite sides of the piston 98 within a servo-motor 193 containing the piston'98.

The brake 34 comprises a brake band 104 adapted to be contracted on a drum portion 105 of the planetary gear carrier 62. The band 104 has one of its ends fixed, and the'band 104 at its other end is acted on by a strut 110 which'is disposed between this end of the band and a lever 111 which is acted onY by a piston 113. A spring 115 is provided vfor yieldably holding the piston 113 in its brake disengaging position.

in operation, the transmission has a neutral condition e `driving .conditions of the vehicle, the transmission is operated in its high range which includes the intermediate and high speed ratios.

The intermediate speed ratio power train is completed oy engaging the clutch 31 and the brake 33. The clutch 31 is engaged by applying uid pressure to the piston 71 through the conduit 33. Engagement of the brake 33 may be obtained by applying fluid pressure to the piston surface 98!) to move the piston 98 to the right as seen in Fig. 1A and rotate the lever 94 counterclockwiseand thereby tighten the band 9i) on the part 77. .The intermediate speed power train exists from the drive shaft 25 through the torque converter 30 to the intermediate shaft 27 and thence through the clutch 31 to the shaft 28 and through the planetary gear-set 35 to the driven shaft 26. The brake 33 is effective to hold the part 77 stationary and to brake the sun gear 56 of the planetary gear set, so that the sun gear 56 constitutes the reaction element of the gear set. The shaft 2S is driven as just described, and the sun gear 55 of the gear set 35 thus constitutes the driving element of the gear set. The drive is transmitted throughrthe planet gears 61 and 60 to the ring gear 53 driving the driven shaft 26. Since there are sets of two planet gears 61 and 60 between the sun gear 55 and the ring gear S8, and the sunV gear 56 in rnesh with the gears 60 functions as the reaction element of the gear set, the ring gear 58 .and thereby the shaft 26 are driven at a reduced speed, intermediate speed ratio, with respect to the shaft 27. At this point it may be noted that the direction of reaction on the sun gear 56 and the `part 7'?v is in the reverse direction as indicated by the arrow A in Fig. 1. This direction is opposite the direction of rotation of the drive shaft 25 indicated by the arrowV 51, and the part 77 in tending to rotate in this direction augments the action of the strut 93 in engaging the band'9tl and causes increased band engagement, since the part 77 tends to carry the end of the band acted on by the strut along with the part '77 Ain the same direction in which this end of the band is urged by the strut. It is apparent that the band 'wraps or is partiallyV self-energizing for this rotative tendency of the part 77.

The high speed ratiopower train through the transmission, which constitutes asubstantially direct drive between the shafts 25 and 26,1rnay be obtained by engaging the clutch 32, allowing the clutch 31 to remain engaged. The brake 33 .is disengaged at this time. TheV clutch 32 may be engaged by applying fluid pressure through the passage S6 to the piston 79. In this drive, the shaft 27 is driventhrough the torque converter 3G from the drive shaft 25 as in intermediate lspeed drive. The shaft 27is connected through the clutch 31 to drive the sun gear 55 as was the casein intermediate speed drive. The clutch 32 functions to connect the -part 68, which in turn is connected with the shaft 27, with the part 77 and thereby with the sun gear 56 splined thereto.

VThus both the sun gear 55 and also the sun gear56 are driven by the'shaft 27, and as is well known in connection with planetary gear sets, when two elements of the gear set are driven at ,the same speed, the gear set becomes locked up so that all of its gears and elements rotate as a unit, and there is thus adirect drive between the shaft 27 and driven shaft 26. A substantially direct drive generally exists in'this power train between the shafts 25 and 26, sincethe converter 30 may be expected to function as a simple uid coupling'generallyin this drive.

The low speed forward drive may be obtained by engaging the clutch 31 and the brake 34. The clutch 31|is engaged as has been previously described, and the brake 34 may be engaged by applying fluidpressure on the piston 113 causing a movement of therpiston 113 against the action of the spring `115 and a rotation of the lever 111 in the clockwise directionas seen in Fig. 1A so as to pull the band 104 about the drum portion 105'. Engagement of the brake 34 causes the planet gear carrier l62 to function as the reaction element of the gear set, and the sun gear 55 is driven from the shafts 25 and 27 substantially as in intermediate speed drive. Since there Vare sets of the two planet gears 61 and 60 between the sun gear 55 and ring gear 58, the ring gear 58 is driven at a reduced speed drive with respect to the sun gear 55 and shaft 28, and the speed of the ring gear 58 and shaft 26 connected therewith is lower than their speed relative to the shaft 28 for intermediate speed drive. For most vehicle driving conditions when low speed drive is used, the rotor 37 is driven at increased torque, and the gear set 35 connected in tandem with the converter 30` also increased the torque to provide a relatively great overall torqueratio between the shafts 25 and 26. It may be noted that the reaction on the planet gear carrier 62 and on the drum 105 for low speed forward dri ve is in the reverse direction indicated by the arrow B in Fig. 1A which is opposite to the direction of rotation of the drive shaft 25, and this reaction or tendency to rotate tends to move the band to unwrap and disengage the band from the drum 105. For this direction of reaction, the brake 34 is thus self-deencrgizing and provides a less braking effect than for a case in which this reaction did not exist.

Reverse drive may be obtained through the transmission by engaging the brake 34 and engaging the clutch 32. For this drive, the power train exists from the drive shaft 25 through the torque converter 30 to the intermediate shaft 27 -and from thence through the clutch 32 to the sun gear 56 and through the planetary gear set 3S to the driven shaft 26. The brake 34 causes the planet gear carrier to function as the reaction element of the gear set, and since there are only the single planet gears 60 between the sun gear 56 and the ring gear 58, the ring gear 58 will be driven at a reduced speed in the reverse vdirection with respect to the sun gear 56 and the shaft 27 in accordance with well known principles of operation of planetary gear sets. For this drive, the torque converter 30 generally functions to increase torque, and thus, the torque impressed on the driven shaft 26 is the product of the torque increases by the torque converter 30 and the planetary gear set 35. The reaction on the brake drum 105-for reverse drive is in the forward direction as indicated by the arrow C invFig. 1A, that is, inthe same direc tion as the drive shaft 25 rotates. This tendency of the drum 105 to rotate in this direction assists the strut 110 in forcing the band end 109 to movein the direction indicated by the arrow C, and the brake 34 thus wraps or is self-energizing for this direction of reaction so that the braking effect is greater than would berthe case if there were no tendency for the drum to rotate. The reaction on the drum 105 is greater for reverse drive than for low forward drive, and hence the brake 34 has been constructed to wrap for the reaction for reverse drive instead of that for low speed forward drive.

The hydraulic control system for the transmission comprises in general a front pump 160 and a rear pump 161 which, together provide a source of hydraulic. pressure; a primary main regulator valve 162 for 4regulating the fluid pressure from the pumps and applied to the pistons for. the various friction brakes and clutches of the transmission; a secondary main regulator valve 163 for regulating the fluid pressure from the pumps applied to the torque converter 30; a manually operated selector valve 164 for conditioning the transmission for operation in different forward speed ratios and in reverse and having an H or High Range position, an L or Low Range position, an N or Neutral position, and an R or Reverse position; a governor valve 165; an automatic 2nd to 3rd ratio shift valve 166 hereinafter designated as a 2-3 valve for changing the drive through the transmission from its second forward speed ratio to its third forward speed ratio; a downshift valve 167 for causing actuation of the 2-3 valve under manual control for changing the drive through the transmission from its third to its second speed ratio when the operator of the vehicle sof4 1195, as shown. r

desires; a throttle valve 168 for providing a throttlefpressure that increases with the depression of the vehicle accelerator; a throttle modulator valve 169 hereinafter designated as a TV modulator valve for supplying the throttle pressure from the valve 168 to various lands of a compensator vvalve 170 for ditferent conditions of operation of the transmission, the compensator valve 170 providinga fluid pressure that varies inversely with the depression ofthe vehicle accelerator to the regulator valves 162 land 163 so that they regulate correctly; a low regulator valve 171 which functions on a shift of the manual valve 164 from high range to low range position With a closed vehicle engine throttle to regulate the hydraulic pressure to apply the rear brake 34 with less than the pressure that is supplied by the primary main regulator v-alve V162 for therebyproviding a smooth change in speed ratio under these circumstances; a 1st to 2nd ratio shift valve 172 hereinafter designated as a 1-2 valve which functions on a .change between ranges to cause simultaneous engaging and disengaging fluid pressure ows' to the motors for the front brake 33 and rear brake V34when the proper pressure values are reached; a 3rd to Znd'ratio shift cont-rol valve 173 vhereinafter designated as a 3-2 control valve which functions to provide a restriction in a tiuid discharge conduit for the piston for the front brake 33 on a governor controlled change from third speed to second speed ratio; a low inhibitor valve 174 which functions under the influence of the governor valve 165 above a certain speed of the vehicle to provide a speed ratio change from third speed ratio to second speed ratio rather than to first speed ratio when the manual valve 164 is movedfrom its high range positiony to its low range position; and -a front servo apply regulator valve 175 which regulates the apply pressure for the brake 33 under closed or nearly closed throttle conditions for providing smooth `second to third or third to second speed ratio changes. These various hydraulic elements and mechanisms, including their construction and operation, will now be described in greater detail.

The pump 160 lmay be of Vany suitable construction, and in the'illustrat'ed embodiment of the controls comprises an inner gear 176 in mesh with an eccentrically disposed outer gear 177. The inner gear 176 is connected to be driven bythe yshaft 25 throughthe impeller 36 of the converter 30. The gears 176 and 177 are disposed in a pump casing 179, and the casing 179 comf `prises a crescent shaped portion 180 disposedbetween the gears 176 and 177, as shown. The inner gear 176 .is driven in the direction indicated by the arrow 181 so that the gear 177 rotates in this direction also, and the pump 160 is thus effective to pump from an inlet conduit 182 to a discharge conduit 183. The conduit 182 is arranged to draw fluid out of a transmission sump 184.

The rear pump 161 is similar in construction to the front pump 160 and comprises Van inner gear 186 in mesh with an eccentrically disposed ring gear 187. The gear V186 is fixed on the driven shaft 26 ofthe transmission by any suitable means. The'gear 186 is driven in a clockwise direction, ias indicated by the arrow 191 when the driven shaft 26 rotates inthe salme direction as the drive shaft 25 for providing a forward drive of the vehicle, and in this case, the pump is adapted to draw fluid through an inlet conduit 192 :and discharge it into an outlet conduit 193. The inlet conduit 192, like the conduit 182, is arranged to draw fluid fro-m the transmission sump 184.

The-primary main. regulator valve 162 comprises a piston 194 slidably disposed in a casing portion 195. The casing portion 19S has ports 199,200, 201, 202, 203 and 204 as shown. The piston 194 comprises lands 205, 206, 207,208 and 209, and grooves 210, 211, 212 and 213 between the lands. A spring 214 is disposed between the land 209 and the adjacent end of the casing portion "iT-he non 1991s Acolline/ated.by,means of @Small passage witha Q'Qudut216 thatlserves as a source ofregulated Vfluidpressure to be applied to theppistons for the brakes and clutches, as will hereinafter be described, and the conduit 193 isconnected with the conduit'216 as shown. The A port201 isconnected with a conduit 217and the port202 ,isconriect'ed witha conduit 218. The port 2,03. isconnected ,withvthe conduit.18 3 and the port2 04 :is .lalsoconnected with this latterconduit by means of .a conduit 219.

Acne-way. check lvalve 220Y `is l,disp o sed in the conduit .193 and in itsillustra-ted iorm comprises a valve element .221. acted on byaspring y224. A similar onefway Ycheck valve 225 is provided int-he conduit 219 and comprises a valve element 226.acted, on by Vapspring 229.

Thersecondary main kregulator valve 163 compr1ses apiston.230,slidably. disposed in a casing-portion ,231.

The casing portion 231 is providedwith ports 234, 235, 236, 2377,1238, :239,240 and 241. The piston 230 1s provided-with lands 242, 243,244V and 245and Vgrooves 246, `247A `and248 between the lands. A spring V249 is provided between the land .-245 .and the adiacent end of the casing portion.

,Theport 234 is connected with a conduitZSO; the port 235 is connected withy the .conduit.217; the port 236is connected .with the conduit 218; lthe port 237.is connected with a-conduit251ythe port 238 isa bleed port adapted 'eitherdirectly lor indirectly to discharge into the sump `184;;the -ports 239 ,and 241 are connected together by gmeansof `alconduit 252; and the port 240 ,is connected .to a `conduit 253. a

The conduits217 `and 250 are both connected -wlth the torque converter 30 as shown. rIihe conduit 217 Vcon- .stitutesa fluid supply conduit forl the converter and the conduit 250 constitutes an exhaust conduit for theconyvertex `The conduit 251 -is connected w1th the intake conduit 1-82 for the,pump.160,. ias shown, and constitutes an exhaust conduit for the valve 163. The conduit .252 connecting the ports 239 and 241 is for the purpose of providing a ,regulating action for the valve 163, as

-lwill beA described. r["he conduit 253 is at times con- Anected by means of the valve 163 with the conduit 250 tand discharges into the sump 184.

The manual selector` valve 164 comprises a plston 255'disposed in a casing portion 256. The casingportion- 256 hasa plurality of ports 258, 259, 260, 26,1, 262 and' 263 in communication therewith. The piston 255 has lands 264,265 and 266 and grooves 267 and 268 separating the lands.

AThe port 263 is connected with a conduit 269; the port A262 is connected with .the conduit 83 which, as has been previously described, Iis connected to apply fluid pressure to the piston '71 for engaging the front clutch 31; the portA ..261 is connected withzthe fluid supply conduit 216; the ,port 260 .is connected with -a conduit 270; the port 259 is'connected with a conduit 270; the port 259 is connected with a conduit 271; and the port 258 constitutes a bleed .port through which uid Ymay freely discharge into Vthe ..sump 184.

The selector valve piston 255 is adapted to be `man- .,ually controlled Yby any suitable means iand has the fol lowing positions: R or reverse, N or neutral, H" .for highrange, and L or low range. Y

The governor valve 165 constitutes a hydraulic governor and comprises :a piston 275 movably disposed in -a casing 276 which is xed on the driven shaft 26. o The casing 276 is provided with ports 280, 281, 282 and 283. The piston 275 is provided with lands 284, 285 and 286 and grooves 287 and 288 separating the lands as shown. Theport' 280 is connected with a conduit 289 which I in Aturn isconnected with the ,conduit 83; the ports ,281

and 282 are connected with a conduit 290 and the port=- may freely discharge into'the sump 18,4.`

The 2 3 valve l's'soomprisos pistonzssz, 293 @@1295 gslidablyV disposedV Vin a casing portiou"295. The,casing portion 295 'iol provided vvifh pons `-302,3gi3` 304", 39s, ses, 307, 30s, 30s,- 310, 311 yand 312.` "i3-'ho pisonlzz ycomprises a 4land 313; the piston 293 comprises lands 31s, 317 and 31s and grooves 319 ,and 320 boiwooii nie lands and thepiston 294 comprises'latnds 322 "and 323 and a groove 324 separating the lands. A'vspring325 is provided between the land 316jandl an inner facefof branch conduit- 329; the portV 308V isV connected with a conduit 330; the portf3l9 is connected with the conduit '290through the branch conduit 329; the port 310 vis con- `nectedwiththe conduit 330 through a passage 331; the port -311 is connected with the 'conduit-330; and the port 312 is connected with a conduit 332. i 'y I `The downshift valve-167 comprises a piston'r333 disposed in a casing portion 334, andthe throttleY va1vef168 comprises a piston 335 also disposed in the casing por- Vtion-334. `The casing portion-334 is provided with ports 333331340, 341,342, 343, 344 and 34s. The dovvii- ,shift valve piston333 is provided with lands 346,a'nd347 and with Vagroov'e 348 separating the lands. vThe p'is'tn 335 is provided withA lands-349, 350, 351 and 352"and grooves 353, 354 and-355 separating the lands. `A` spring V356 is disposed between the pistons V333'and 33'5', "f as shown.

`The port338 is connected with the conduit 332 for providing a regulatedthrottle pressure to the conduit'332 aslrwill be hereinafter described; theport `339 is con- .nected with -the conduit 332; theport 3407is connected with aconduit 358- whichrin turnV is connected lwith the fluid supply conduit 216;` the ports 341 and 342 are fluid .bleedports adapted to freely'discharg'e into the 'su'rnpV 184;the port 343 is connected by means of abranch con- .,.duit1359 with the conduit/358 and through the latter-Y `withtheiiluid supply conduit 216; the portv 344 i's'con- .nected `withthecontluit 327;- and the port 3.45'is` connected with the conduit 270.

:Theidownshift valve piston 333 is connectedby any suitable. linkage such as theiink 360 with theveliicle y accelerator' 361. -The accelerator 361 has an ordinary connection with the carburetor butterfly valve '362ffor .the internal .combustion vehicle driving engine 363`Wl1ich -may include alink 364 connecting the carburetor throttle. lever.365..landa lever 366- lxed Yto' move with`the .accelerator 361. Y '.*ThefTV modulator valvev 169 comprises pistons 367 and 368 disposed lin a casing portion V369. AA'-Ihe'vcsing Y portion is .provided with ports'372,l 373,` 374, 375, Y376,

- 377,378and379. .The piston 368 is provided with lands V`380, 381.1and. 382 and groovesv 383 and 384 between the hands .Aspring 385 is'disposed betweenthe right end I Vofthe ,piston -368and Van adjacentk inner faceof the casing portion .369.v

The port372 is connected with a conduit: 386; the port V 373 is a bleed port from which ud may freely discharge yintothe'sump'184;.the.port 374 is connected to -a conduit 1387; .thetport V37'5ris connected with the conduit332g` the' -port 3761's connected with a conduit 388; the port 377 is a bleed portsimilar .to the port 373 through whichuid `@may freely dischargeinto thesurnp 184;- the port,378.is

Yconnected by a passage389 with the conduitt387; and the f-portr379 istconnected .with a.condut.391. Y *Y The compensator valve 170 comprises pistons 392 and 393 in a casing portion 394. The casing portion is provided with ports 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405 and 406. The piston 392 is provided with lands 407, 408, 409, 410, 411 and grooves 412, 413, 414 and 415 between the lands. A spring 417 is disposed between the land 411 and an adjacent inner face of the casing portion 394.

The port 399 is connected with the conduit 387; the port 400 is connected with the conduit 388; the port 401 is connected with the conduit 290; the port 402 is a bleed port adapted todischarge fluid into the sump 184; the port 403 is connected to the uid supply conduit 216 by means of a branch conduit 418; the port 404 is connected with a conduit 419 by means of a branch conduit 420, and, as shown, the conduit 419 in turn is connected with the conduit 218; the port 405 is a bleed port for discharging uid into the sump 184; and the port 406 is connected with the conduit 419 by means of a branch conduit 421.

The low regulator valve 171 comprises pistons 423 and 424 disposed in a casing portion 425. The casing portion has ports 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434 and 435. The piston 423 comprises a land 436, and the piston 424 comprises lands 439, 440 and 441 and grooves 442 and 443.

The port 429 is connected with a conduit 445; the ports 430 and 431 are bleed ports adapted to freely discharge tluid into the sump 184; the port 432 is connected with the conduit 445; the port 433 is connected with a conduit 449; the port 434 is connected with a conduit 450 which in turn is connected to apply uid pressure to the piston 113 for the brake 34; and the port 435 is connected to the conduit 332 by means of a branch conduit 451.

The 1-2 Valve 172 comprises a piston 452 disposed in a casing portion 453. The casing portion 453 has ports 456, 457, 458, 459 and 460. The piston 452 has lands 461, 462 and 463 and grooves 464 and 465 between the lands.

The port 456 is connected with a conduit 467; the ports 457 and 458 are bleed ports adapted to discharge iluid into the sump 184; the port 459 is connected to the conduit 449; and the port 460 is connected to a conduit 468 which in turn is connected with the conduit 83.

The 3-2 control valve 173 comprises a piston 469 slidably disposed is a casing portion 470. The casing portion 470 is provided with ports 472, 473, 474 and 475, as shown. The piston 469 is provided with lands 476 and 477 spaced by a groove 478. A spring 479 extends between the piston 469 and an adjacent inner face of the casing portion 470.

The port 472 is a bleed port adapted to discharge iluid freely into the sump 184; the port 473 is connected with a conduit 481 which is connected with the piston face 98a of the brake operating piston 98; the port 474 4is connected with a conduit 482 which in turn is connected with the conduit 86; and the port 475 is connected with the conduit 332 by means of a branch conduit 483. A restriction 484 is provided in the conduit 482, and a passage 485 of relatively small diameter is provided between the conduits 481 and 482, as shown.

The low inhibitor valve 174 comprises a piston 486 disposed in a casingV portion 487. The casing portion 487 has ports 490, 491, 492, 493, 494 and 495. The piston 486 is formed with lands 496 and 497 and a groove 498 therebetween. A spring 500 is disposed between the land 496 and an adjacent inner surface of the casing portion 487, as shown.

The port 490 is connected by means of a conduit 501 with the conduit 449 and the conduit 386; the port 491 is connected with the conduit 270 by means of a branch conduit 502; the port 492 is connected by means of a branch conduit 503 with the conduit 290; the port 493 is connected to a conduit 504; the port 494 constitutes a bleed port through which uid may freely discharge into the sump 184; and the port 495 is connected to the con-|` duit 504. A restriction 505 is provided in the conduit 501 for purposes to be described. y j i The front servo apply regulator valve 175 comprises pistons 506 and 507 disposed in a casing portion 508, and the casing portion is provided with cylindrical cavities 509 and 510 of respectively smaller and larger diameters for receiving the piston 506 and is provided with a cavity 511 intermediate in size between the cavities 4509 and 510 for receiving the piston .507. The casing portion 508 is provided with ports 512, 513, 514, 515, 516 and 517, the ports 512, 516 and 517 extending into the cavity 509, the port 515 extending into thecavity 510, and the port 514 extending into the cavity 511. The piston 506 is provided with lands 518, 519 and 520 which are spaced by grooves 521 and 522, the lands 518 and 519 being slidably disposed in the cavity 509, and the land 520 being slidably disposed in the cavity 510. n

The ports 512 and 513 are bleed ports adapted to freely discharge fluid into the sump 184; the port 514 is connected with a conduit 523 having a restriction A524 therein; the port 515 is connected with a conduit 525 which in turn is connected with the conduit 332; the port 516 is connected with a conduit 526 which is in turn connected with the piston 98 for the brake 33 for applying uid pressure on to the face 98b of the piston, and the conduit 523 is connected with the conduit 526, as shown; and the port 517 is connected with the conduit 467.

In operation, the transmission and its hydraulic control system are under the control of the vehicle operator by means of the accelerator 361 of the vehicle and the manual selector valve 164. The transmission is conditioned for Various types of operation by moving the manual selector valve piston 255 into the positions corresponding to the type of operation desired.

The transmission is maintained in its neutral condition by having the manual selector valve piston 255 in its N or neutral position. When the engine 363 begins operating, the pump driven by the engine supplies line pressure to the conduit 183 and connected conduits, pumping oil from the sump 184 through the conduit 182. The conduit 219 is connected with the conduit 183 and has line pressure therein, and the conduit 216 is connected with the conduit 219 through the check valve 225, the ports 204 and 200, and the groove 211 of the piston 194. The check valve 225 is held open by the iluid pressure from the pump 160, and the check valve 220 is held closed by means of the line pressure which is effective on the check valve through the conduit 193 connected with the lconduit 216. The land 265 of the manual valve piston 255 in the neutral position of the piston blocks the port 261 and conduit 216, as shown, and thereby prevents application of uid pressure to the pistons for applying any of the clutches and brakes of the transmission.

The primary main regulator valve 162 functions for all i conditions of the transmission and its hydraulic control system to regulate the line pressure in the conduit 216 and connected conduits to predetermined maximum values. For this purpose the line pressure is supplied through the conduit 193 and through the passage 215 to the faces 205a and 206a of the lands 205 and 206. The face 206:1 is of greater area than the face 205a, and the line pressure applied to these land faces tends to move the primary main regulator valve piston 194 to the right against the action of the spring 214. This movement of the piston 194 tends to release the line pressure from the conduit 183 between an edge of the port 203 and an end of the land 208 into the groove 212 and into the converter supply conduit 217 through the port 201. The spring 214 is of such strength that the port 203 will not be thus opened by line pressure influence on the valve piston 194 until a certain line pressure is reached. This line pressure is maintained by the valve 162 in thus relieving pressure from the conduit 183, assuming that there are no other inuences on the piston 194 than just mentioned. 1

i For most conditions of operation, however, an additional variable force is applied to the piston 194 tending to move it, and this third force is due to uid pressures of diierent values supplied to the faces 208:1 and 209a of the lands 208 and 209 through the port 202 and conduits 218419 and 420. For the neutral condition of the transmission with the accelerator 361 in its closed throttle position, full line pressure is applied to the land faces 208a and 209e, and the conduits 218 and 419 are connectedl by the valve piston 392 of the compensator valve 170 with the conduits 418 and 216 `for this purpose. The line pressure in the conduit 418 flows through the port 403, the groove 415 of the piston 392 and the port 404 to the conduits 420, 419 and 218. This line pressure is applied to aface 407a of the land 407 of the piston 392 through the conduit 421 connected with the conduit 419; however, for this condition of operation the spring 417 acting on the piston 392 is of suliicient strength to hold the piston 392 to the limit of its movement toward the left and the tluid applied to this land face has no effect.

Thefluid pressure applied to the faces 208tz and 209:1 of the lands 288 and 269 of the main regulator valve piston 194 provides a force on the piston acting against the spring 214 tending to move the valve piston to the right as seen in the ligure to more fully open the port 203, due to the different sizes of the lands 208 and 209. The full line pressure applied to thc faces 208:1 and 209a thus maintains the line pressure at a predetermined minimum, which for one certain embodiment of the invention is 75 lbs. per sq. in

The secondary main regulator valve 163 is for the purpose of regulating the tluid pressure Within the conduit V217 and thereby within the torque converter to which the conduit 217 supplies iluid pressure. The pressure in the conduit 217 is applied to the face 24204 of the land 242 on the secondary main regulator valve piston 230 through the port 235, the groove 247, the port 239, the conduit 252 and the port 241, and as the fluid pressure in the conduit 217 and thereby in the converter 30 increases, it tends to move the piston 230 vto the right against the action of the spring 24.9 to open up the bleed port 238 and meter duid between the land 244 and an edge of Vthe port 238. Thus, as theuid pressure in the conduit 217 and in the converter 30 tends to increase, the excessive fluid Apressure is disf charged through the port 238, and the pressure in the conduit 217 and converter 30 is regulated to a predetermined maximum.

The pressure within the conduits 419 and 218 is also applied to the valve piston 230 for changing the regulated converter pressures in conduit 217 for various conditions of Operation of the transmission and controls. -The huid pressure in the conduit 218 is applied to the land faces 244x: and 24561 of the valve piston 230 through the port 236. The face 245e is of greater area than the face 244e, and this uid pressure thus tends to move the valve piston 230 to the right against the action of the spring 249 and augment the action of the converter pressure applied to the face 242a of the land 24210 open theV bleed port 238 and to thus further relieve the pressure in the conduit 217 and converter 36. With full line pressurein the conduit 218 for conditions of .operation just me'ntioned, the regulated converter pressure 'in` the conduit 217 is'tnus at a minimum, which, for one particular embodiment of the invention, isl substantially 30 lbs. per

sq. in. The conduit 250 also connectedwith theconverter 3i) may be'connected with the conduit 253 leading to the sump 184 for further relievingl pressure inthe converter 30, under certain conditions, as, for example, when the oil in the sump 184 is cold, in which case the resultant'increased pressure in the conduit 252 applied to the land face 242e: will move 'the"valv`e pist`on`230V i of the TV modulator valve 169.

*limit of its movement 'to the right.

V`12 still farther to the right against the action of the spring 249 so as to connect the port 234 with theport 240 through the groove 246 ofthe piston 230.

The transmission and its control system are conditionedV for operation in high range by moving the manual selec; tor valvepiston 25,5 into its H or high range position in which position the pistou 255 causes a connection through the groove` 267 of the ports 263 and 262 with the 'fluid pressure supply port 261. Line pressure is supplied through the groove 267 of the manual selector valve piston 255 to the port 262 and thence to the conduit 83 Whichis connected with 'the clutch piston 71. Line pressure is thus applied to the clutch piston 71 and engages the clutch 31 with a minimum engaging pressure corresponding to the minimum line pressure that exists assuming'that the accelerator 361 is in closed throttle position.

The conduit 468 is connected with the conduit 83 as shown, and line pressure is applied to a land face 461e ofthe lL-2 valve piston 452 and moves the piston to the The valve'piston 452 in this position connects the ports 460 and 456 ,and connects the conduit`467 with the conduit 468 to supply line pressure to the'conduit 467. The front servo apply regulator valve connects the conduit 467 with the conduit 526 that is in turn connected with the apply side' 98b of the piston 98 for the brake 33. The regulator valve 175A functions to further regulate and decrease the iiuid pressure assupplied to the conduit 526. The pressure in conduit 467 is applied to the land face 518:1 of the valve piston 506 in the regulator valve 175 and moves the pistons 506 and 507 to the right so that the ports S16 and 517 are connected by means of the cavity 509. Fluid pressure from the conduit 467 is thus supplied through the ports 516 and S17 to the conduit S26 and lthrough the latter conduit on the piston face 98h for applying the brake 33. The pressure in the conduit526 is applied on the right end of the valve piston 507 through the conduit 523, and this application of pressure tends -to move the lpistons 507 and 506 to the left so that the land 518 blocks'the port 516, this movement of the pistons 507 vand 506pbeing against the line pressure impressed on the 'left end of the valve 506; .Since the pis- "ton 507 is larger in diameter than the land 518 of the piston 506, the pistons 506 and 507 are vmoved to the left to close`the port 5.16 when the fluid pressure in the conduit 526 is at some value lessthan the line pressure existing'i'n the conduit 467, and the'valve 175 has a regulating action to maintain this value of reduced pressurein the conduit 526, opening the port 516 when the pressure in the conduit is less than this value and closing the port 516 when the pressure tends to exceed this value. A pressure that varies with the opening ofthe vehicle throttle is also impressed on the valve piston 506 for varying the action of the valve 175 and the action ing smooth changes in drive Afrom second to third speed ratio andfrom third to Vsecond speed ratio at substantially closed throttle conditions will also be described.

The conduit 391 is connected with conduit 467, Vas has been described, `and the linepressure in conduit 467 is Yapplied thr'oughthe conduit 391 tothe piston 367 Y The iiuidpressure functions to ymove the piston against the rim 37011 and moves the piston 368`along with theV piston 367, all against the action of the spring 385. The TV modulator valvel is thus put into condition for modulating or limitin throttle pressure, as willlhereinafter bedescribped'."

Thus when thefselector valve piston 255f'is' moved into its H or V.high range position lfrom its neutral position, the front clutch 31`and rontbr-alte 33 are both engaged, and the' inter-mediate speed power train is completed through the transmission. The accelerator 361 is assumed to be in its closed throttle position, and the engine 363 is rotating at idling speed, and actually there is not sucient power transmitted through the power train and in particular through the hydraulic torque converter 30 for driving the driven shaft 26 and the vehicle; however, the drive may be made effective for driving the vehicle by simply depressing the accelerator to open the throttle valve 362 of the engine 363, thereby increasing the speed and power output of the engine.

Throttle opening movement of the accelerator also has other effects on the hydraulic control system including an increasing of the line pressure in conduit 216 and connected conduits for increasing the applying pressures for the front brake 33 and front clutch 31 and anincreasing of the fluid pressure within the converter 30.

The accelerator 361 acts on`the throttle valve 168 through the intermediary of the downshift valve 167 to provide a throttle pressure in conduit 332 which is less than line pressure (as in conduit 216), which throttle pressure increases from zero at closed throttle position of the accelerator to line pressure at open throttle accelerator position. The throttle valve 168, like the valves 162 and 163, is a regulator valve, providing a variable iluid pressure by metering fluid llow between a valve land and a valve port in accordance with variable forces impressed on the valve. The accelerator 361 tends to move the piston 335 of the throttle valve 168 to the right as seen in Fig. lD upon depression of the accelerator by means of the link 368, the downshift valve piston 333 and the spring 356. Such movement of the throttle valve piston 335 provides a connection between the ports 34() and 338 through the groove 353 of the piston 335 admitting fluid under pressure into the conduit 332 `through the port 338. This fluid in the conduit 332 is effective on the faces 350: and 351:1 of the lands 350 and 351 through the port 339. Since the land 350 is of larger diameter than the land 351, the fluid pressure on these land surfaces tends to move the valve piston 335 back to the left against the action of the spring 356, so that the land 358 tends to again close the port 340 and block further admittance of iluid pressure to the conduit 332. The greater the depression of the accelerator, the greater will be the force from the spring 356 on the throttle valve piston 335 and the greater must be the pressure in the conduit 332 for closing the port 340 by the land 350, and hence the valve 168 has a regulating action to provide a throttle pressure in the conduit 332 which increases with accelerator depression.

The throttle pressure from the throttle valve 168 is supplied through the conduit 332 to the TV modulator valve 169. The valve 169 functions to provide a limited or so called modulated TV pressure in the conduit 387 when the piston 368 of this valve is in its limiting or modulating position with line pressure acting on piston 367 functioning to hold the piston 368 in this position. This limited pressure in conduit 387 is the same as the throttle pressure in conduit 332 up to a predetermined maximum value and for further increases in throttle pressure corresponding to increased openings of the engine throttle, the modulated TV pressure in cond-uit 387 remains at this predetermined value. The throttle pressure in conduit 332 flows through the port 375 of the TV modulator valve 169 and through the groove 384 and port 374 to the conduit 387. The pressure in conduit 387 is applied on the face 381m of the land 388 of the TV modulator valve piston 368 through the passage 389, and the effect of this application of pressure on the valve is to tend to move the piston 368 to the right against the action of the spring 385 so as to close the port 375 by means of the land 381. The modulated TV pressure in the conduits 387 and 389 and applied to the land face 380:1, however, is not sufficient to move the valve piston 368 in this manner until the modulated TV pressure has reached this predetermined maximum value, after which the valve land 1 381 meters the dow of fluid through the port 375 and prevents a further increase in modulated TV pressure in conduit 387. In the particular embodiment of the invention mentioned before, the modulated TV pressure had a maximum of 22 lbs. per sq. in. at about 25% throttle opening, and the .modulated TV pressure remained constant for additional movements of the accelerator.

The modulated TV pressure in conduit 387 is applied to the compensator valve 170 for providing a compensator pressure in the conduit 419 that decreases with depression of accelerator pedal for initial throttle opening movements of the accelerator. The compensator pressure in conduit 419 also increases with the speed of the driven shaft y26 Vand of the vehicle due to action of the governor pressure in conduit 290, that increases with the speed of the shaft 26 and the vehicle, on the compensator valve 170. In this connection, the action ofthe governor valve 165 in producing such a governor pressure in conduit 290 will now be described. Y

The governor valve 165 is a regulator valve similar in many respects to the valves 162, 163 and 168 which are also regulator valves. The casing 276 for the governor Valve piston 275 rotates with the driven shaft 26 of the transmission, and the piston 275 tends to move outwardly under the influence of centrifugal force. Line pressure is present in conduit 289 and feeds through port 280, the groove 288 of the piston 275, and the port 281 into the conduit 290 to supply pressure to the latter conduit. The pressure in the conduit 290 is applied to the faces 285a and 286a of the lands 285 and 286 and tends to move the piston 275 inwardly of the valve casing 276, since the face 286a is of larger area than the face 28511, so that the land 285 will move over the port 280 and block any further admission of fluid pressure to the conduit 290. A balance is attained between the centrifugal force eifective on the valve piston 275 tending to move the piston outwardly of the casing 276, which increases with vehicle speed, and the force derived from the fluid pressure in the conduit 298 effective on the land faces 285a and 286a tending to move the piston 275 inwardly, which increases with the pressure in conduit 290, for every speed of the driven shaft 26 so that the valve piston 275 meters the ow of fluid under pressure to the governor output conduit 290 between the land 285 and an edge ofthe port 280 and provides a regulated governor pressure kin the conduit 290 that increases with the speed of the driven shaft 26 Vand of the vehicle.

The governor pressure in conduit 290, which increases with the speed of the driven shaft 26 and of the vehicles, is impressed through the port 401 on the piston 3 93 of the compensator valve 170 and tends to move the piston 393 and thereby the piston 392 to the left, augmenting the action of the spring 417 in moving the piston 392 in this direction. The modulated TV pressure in conduit 387 is supplied through the port 399 of the compensator valve 170 to the land Vfaces 4071) and 408@ of the piston 392. The land face 408g; is of greater area than the face 407er, and the modulated TV pressure which varies with accellerator depression thus provides a force on the piston 392 varying with the degree of accelerator depression tending to move the piston 392 to the right against the action speed of the shaft 26 and of the vehicle.

of the spring 417 and the piston 393.

The compensator valve is also a regulator valve, and it functions to provide a regulated compensator pressure in conduits 420 and 419 that decreases with increased throttle openings and increases with increased In its regulating condition, the valve piston 392 meters line pressure from the conduit 418, the port 403 and the groove 415, between its land 410 and a side of the port 404 into the conduits 420 and 419. Increased governor pressure in the conduit 290 applied to the piston 393 tends to augment the action of the spring 417 in moving the piston 392 to the left to open a greater part of the port 404 by moving the land 410voff the port, so that the uid vconduit 216 and connected conduits.

.flow to the conduit 420 is greater. The modulated TV `pressure in conduit 387 which increases with accelerator movement acts on the landfaces 4071: and 408k;` tend- -in'gto move the piston 392 in the opposite direction' and increasingly block the port -404 with the land 410. The compensator pressure in conduit 420 is also effective on the land end 407a of the piston 392 through the conduit 421, and thispressure acts in the same manner 'as the modulated TV pressure in tending to move the piston .1392- `totheright to further close the port 404'. These jfo'urforces onthe piston 392, namely, those due to the governor pressure in conduit 290, the spring 417, the

Y modulated TV pressure on land faces 408e and 40717 and 'the compensator pressure on land face 407e balance each 'other'so as to produce the compensator pressure in conf'duit 419 that decreases with increased throttle opening and increases with the speed of the driven shaft 26 and of the-vehicle, the iuid into the conduit 420 for the regulating conditions of the piston 392 being metered past the j'land410 and a side of the port 404. ""fWhen the vehicle begins to move, after the accelerator k36.1 has been moved toward its open throttle position to increase the speed and power output of the engine $363, the rear pump 161 begins its pumping action and draws iluid through the conduit 192 from the sump `184V and discharges it into the conduit 193. The check 'valve 220 remains closed until the pressure of the uid discharged by the rear pump 161 increases to a sufficient value to overcome the forces due to the line pressure and thespring 224, and at this time the check valve 220 opens Vandthe rear pump discharges into the conduit 216. The yfluid flow through the conduit 219 then reverses and closes the check valve 225. The closing of the check valve 225 blocksdischarge by the front pump 160 into the line pressure conduit 216 and its connected conduits, and the rear pumpnow becomes the sole supply of line pressure for Since the check valve 225 is closed, the rear pump 161 cannot discharge through the conduits 219 and 133 and the portl 203, and the discharge from the rear pump 161 must be taken 'care of inanother way. When the check valve 225 closes, the Ali'nepressure vin conduit 216 increases slightly and is impressed on the landfacesi205a and 206a of unequal (area 'through the passage 215 and movesV the valve piston l194 slightly to the right so as to provide an outlet for `the/excess uid discharge from the rear pump between an edge of the port 201 andthe land 207.` The line pressure is vnow regulated exactly as has been previously described-,except that it is slightly higherin value and is 4metered between the land 207 and an edge of the port 201 i instead'of between an edge of the porti 203 and the' landv 208. Theport 203 is substantially completely openedl by the land 208 in the moved position of the valve piston 194, and the front pump 160 now discharges against vonly the pressure in the conduit 217 and in the jconverter 30 which is substantially less than line pressure; The front pump now functions solely to supply Y`fluid under pressure to the converter 30, and the rear pump, as has been described, is the sole supply of'line pressure in the conduit'216, while the excess fluid'discharged from the rear pump escapes Vbetween an edge of the port 201 andland 207 for augmenting the fluid supply-for the converter.- Y

The compensator pressure in conduit 419, which is in general less than line pressure when the vehicle'is being filstarted, causesa change in the line pressure regulating V'action of the primarymain regulator valve 162 as compared with itsl operation when the acceleratorvis in its closed throttle position and the vehicle is stationary; As

`has been previously explained, the pressure inconduits 419 and 21S tends to move the regulator valve piston V194 to the right against its spring 214, and this tends to more fully open the port 201 to vent the pressure supply line 216 after the check valve 225 has closed, as *above described-or more fully open the port r20319 vent lthrottle pressure due to a greater depression of the acthe conduit 216 before closure of the check valve 225.

Whenthe pressure in conduits 419 and 218 lis reduced from full line pressure, the valve piston 194 tends to move to the left under the influence of its spring 214, since the pressure on the land faces 208e and 209:1 tending to move the Vpiston 194 tothe right is decreased, and the piston 194 will not move to open the supply conduit 216 through th'eport -201 or 203 until a higher pressure'is reached `vin theA conduit 216. The piston 194 thus maintains the line pressure in the conduit 216 ata higher value corresponding to the decreased pressure in conduits 419 and' 218.'` The line pressure, as has been previously explained,

fwhen the selector valve piston 255 is moved to its high range position, is supplied to the piston 71 for engaging the front clutch 31, and this line pressure is thus 'increased with accelerator depression to increase the engaging pressures of the front clutch 31 to take the additional torque from the vehicleengine Vwhich results fromfdepression of the accelerator 361. j

The front servo apply pressure on the surface 98b which is Vregulated by the front servo apply regulator valve 175, like line pressure, increases with opening of `-.the vehicle engine throttle; however, the range of pressures is greater than the range of line pressures. The valve 175 tends to produce a front servo apply pressure in the conduit 526 which is less than the line pressure in' conduit 467 as has been previously described. The line pressure in the conduit 467 as in other conduits connected therewith, increases with engine throttle opening, and the line pressure is impressed on the left end of the valve piston 506 and tends to move the valve piston to l,open the port 516 when the line pressure increases and kallows the piston 506 to move to close the port 516 on `Vdecreases in line pressure so that the pressure output Ifrorn'the valve 175 in conduit 526 tends to increase and decrease along with line pressure. An increased effect of the accelerator 361 is put on the valve 175, the connection between'the accelerator and the valve being by virtue of 'the connection ofthe port 515 in the valve 175 through the conduit 525 withV the throttle pressure output from the throttle valve 168. The throttle pressure is effective `on the land surfaces 519a and 520a, and since the land 520 is larger in diameter than the land 519, an increased vthe increase that takes place in line pressure with further opening of the engine throttle. The front servo apply pressure thus also provides an engagement of the brake 33'-increasing with throttle opening to take the additional torque which results from increased throttle opening.

Y The reduced front servo apply pressures at closed or nearly closed conditions of the engine throttle functions to provide smooth changes in drive from kintermediate to high speed ratio and vice versa as will be hereinafter more fully described.

f For the particular embodiment of the transmission and its' controls referred to previously, the graph in Fig. 2

may be referred to for a showing ofthe manner in which lthe line pressure in conduit 216 andconnected conduits f varies with accelerator movement and vehicle speeds. The

line pressure is shown in this graph by the surface bounded fby the points 533, 534, 535, 536, 537 and 538, the surface bounded by the points 539, 535 and 534 and the surface bounded by the points 539, 540, 536 and 535.

The line pressure varies inversely as compensator pressure. AFor all .the vehicle speeds above approximately 3 3 P the line pressure is at its minimum value bf 75 lbs. per sq. in., being on the surface bounded by the points 533, 534, 535, 536, 537 and 538. Below this vehicle speed, the line pressure will increase with a depression of the accelerator on the surface bounded by the points 534, 535 and 539. After the line pressure has reached its maximum value for any particular speed, the value of line pressure will be found on the surface bounded by the points 539, 540, 536 and 535 and will decrease on this surface, as is apparent, with increases of vehicle speed. For the low vehicle speeds, the value of line pressure will be found on the surface bounded by the points 534, 535 and 539 or on the surface bounded by the points 539, 540, 536 and 535.

For this particular embodiment of the transmission, the graph in Fig. 3 may be referred to for a showing of the manner in which the front servo apply pressure in the conduit 526 and applied on the surface 98b of the piston 98 -for the brake 33 varies with accelerator movement and vehicle speed. The front servo apply pressure is shown in this graph by the surface A bounded by the points 541, 542, 543 and 544, the surface B bounded by the points 542, 545, 546, 547, 548 and 543, the surface C bounded by the points 545, 549 and 546, the surface D bounded by the points 549, 550, 547 and 546, the surface E bounded by the points 550, 551, 552 and 547 and the surfaceF bounded by the points 547,552, 553, and 548. It will be observed that below 33 miles per hour speed of the vehicle, with opening of the engine throttle, the front servo apply pressure will increase from 46 p. s. i. which is somewhat lower than the 75 p. s. i. line pressure existing under the same conditions, over the graph surfaces B, C, D and E to the maximum value of 125 p. s. i. at about 46% carburetor opening, with zero M. P. H. vehicle speed.

The compensator pressure in conduit 419, which is reduced from line pressure for vehicle starting conditions, is effective on the secondary main regulator valve 163 for increasing the pressure in the converter 30; however, the increased discharge from the pumps 160 and 161 in itself has the effect of moving the piston 230 of the regulator valve 163 to the right. The excess discharge from the rear pump 161 flows between the land 207 of the primary main regulator valve piston 194 and an edge of the port 201 into the conduit 217, and the discharge from the front pump 160 ilows through the conduit 183 and the ports 203 and 201 into the conduit 217. This increased discharge has the effect of increasing slightly the pressure in the conduit 217 and in the torque converter 30, so that this pressure impressed on the land face 242a through the conduit 252 functions to move the valve piston 230 of the secondary main regulator valve 163 to the right. in this changed position of the piston 230, the land 244 of the piston 230 opens the port 238 practically completely, and .the valve meters uid from the conduit 250 between an edge of the port 234 connected with this conduit and the land 243. Itis assumed for this operation that the port 238 is connected with certain parts of the transmission for lubrication purposes, so that discharge through the port 238 is limited thereby. The metering action of the land 243 has the effect of maintaining certain pressures in the conduits 217 and 250 and in the torque converter 30. In this case, it is apparent that there is a continuous fluid flow from the conduit 217 through the torque converter 30 and thence through the converter outlet conduit 250, and this continuous fluid flow has the effect of cooling the converter and maintaining the oil within the transmission at safe operating temperatures.

Although, due to this movement of the valve piston 230, the converter pressure varies slightly with changes in output of the pumps 160 and 161, the sizable variations of converter pressure are with changes in vehicle speed and accelerator movement due to variation of the compensator pressure in conduit 419. The conduits 419 and 218 are in communication with the land faces 244a and 24511 through the port 236 as has been previously described, and pressure from these conduits on these faces tends to move the piston 230 of the valve 163 to the right against the action of the spring 249. When the pressure in the conduits 218 and 419 is regulated by means of the compensator valve 170 to less than line pressure, this action on the land faces 244a and 245e decreases, so that the spring 249 is increasingly elfective to block the relief port 234 or the relief port 238 so as to increase the pressure in the conduit 217 and thereby in the converter 30 connected therewith. The valve 163 regulates as before, since converter pressure is applied on the land face 242a of the piston 230 through the conduit 252, but the regulated pressure in the converter is at a predetermined higher value corresponding to the compensator pressure in the conduits 419 and 218 which is less than line pressure for starting conditions of the vehicle. The higher uid pressure necessary for increased torgue transmittal through the torque converter 30 is thus supplied to the torque converter with a depression of the accelerator 361.

The throttle pressure in conduit 332 which increases with accelerator depression is applied also to the 2-3 valve 166 and tends to hold the piston 293 of the valve, which is the actual speed changing portion of the valve, in its intermediate speed position in which it is illustrated. The throttle pressure is applied to the left end of the piston 292 and moves the piston 292 to the right against the action of the spring 326 disposed between the piston 292 and the land 316 of the piston 293. Such movement of the piston 292 causes its land 313 to uncover the pont 311 and admit fluid pressure'from the conduit 332, through the port 312, the port 311, the passage 331 and the port 310 to both the face 316a of the land 316 formed on the piston 293 and also on the right end of the piston 292. This fluid pressure, as it increases, tends to move the piston 292 back with the assistance of the spring 326, so that the land 313 again covers the port 311. The valve piston 292 thus meters fluid flow from the conduit 332 between an edge of the port 311 and the land 313 to provide a regulated throttle pressure in the conduit 331, and since both regulated throttle pressure and also the spring 326 are effective on piston 292, the regulated throttle pressure varies directly with the throttle pressure (in conduit 332) and is at a predetermined less value than the throttle pressure for all accelerator positions.

The regulated throttle pressure is also applied to the faces 322a and 32301 of the lands 322 and 323 of the piston 294 through the conduit 330. Since the face 322:1 is considerably smaller in area than the face 323a, the effect of the regulated throttle pressure in the conduit 330 is to provide a force on the piston 294 tending to hold the piston against movement to the left as seen in the figure. This force acts in unison with that due to the regulated throttle pressure on the land face 316a in tending to hold the two pistons 293 and 294 from moving as a unit to the left, as is apparent.

The governor pressure in conduit 290 is 'applied through the conduit 329 and port 307 to the right end of the piston 294 in the 2-3 valve 166 including the land face 323b, and this pressure tends to move the piston 294 and thereby the piston 293 in contact with it to the left. The governor pressure is also applied to the faces 316b and 317e of the lands 316 and 317 respectively through the conduit 329, and lsince the face 316b is considerably larger than the face 317a in area, the net effect of the governor pressure applied to these faces is to tend to assist the force just described, in connection with the piston 294, in moving the piston 293 to the left against the action of the springs 325 and 326.

The valve piston 293 is the actual portion of the 2-3 valve 166 causing a change between the intermediate and high speed drives :as will hereafter appear. The governor pressure impressed on the land 323 and on the lands 316 and 317v tendsto move the pistonsz293fand;294itothe left to move the piston 293y into a .hghspeedg drive position, and this effect of the governor pressure isfpposed by the regulated-throttle pressure-acting'on the land 316 and on the lands` 322 .and 323, thespring`325 acting on the piston 293, and the throttle pressureacting through the piston 292and-the springm326fonthe piston 293all of which tends to vhold the pistons 293 and 294 from movement to the left.

As the speed of the vehicle increases in second speed ratio, the governor pressure in conduit 290 increases, and this isimpressed on the compensator valve 170 tending to move its pistons 293 and 392 toward the left tomore fullyV open the port 404 and provide an increased'compensator pressure in conduits .419 and 420. The increased compensator pressure in conduits 420, 419.and 218..acts onthe primary main regulator valve 162 'and tendsto move-its piston 194 farther to the right, so as to increase the opening between the land 207 and the. edge ofthe port 201 for further relieving the .line pressure in the conduit 216 `and decreasing the linetpressure. For the particular embodiment of theinvention above referred to, Fig. 2 may be referred to for a showing of line pressure, and YVunder' these conditions, Vthe linepressure will be found onthe .surface bounded by the points S39, 540, 536 and 535, and the line pressuredecreases on this :surface with increases in vehicle speed, as is: apparent.

As has been previously described, line pressure. is present in conduit 467 and is .applied-.to vthe left end of the valve piston 506 of the forward servo applyregulator vali/e175, and with thisdecreasejn line pressure due toan increaseinvehicle speed,-j,thevalve. .pistons 5065andl 507 tend to move to the left under the inuence of lthe pressure in .the conduit 526 impressed through the conduit 523 on. the right end of the valvepiston-S? forA causing. a corresponding decrease infront servo Yapply pressure Vinthe conduit 526, the exhaust of fluid from the conduit 526 takinglplace through the port 516, the groove S2`1of the piston 566 and the exhaust port 512, assuming that the inherent leakage of the valve and associated parts isnot suicientin itself to cause the corresponding -decrease of pressure in the conduit S26. A regulated 'ex-1 haust of. huidv from the conduit 526 is caused by a metering effect taking place between the right edge of the land` 518V ofthe valve pistonv'tl'and anedgeof the port 516. For the particular embodiment of the invention above referred to, the decrease in front servo apply pressure withincreases in vehicle speed are shown bythe surfaces C, Dand. E in Fig. 3, the front-servo apply pressure n'ally; after-an .in-creasefin vehicle speed to. about 33 -miles per hour, beingshown by the surfaces B. andA F, thevalue 'of whichis 75 lbs. per sq. in.

As .has been previously explained, the torqueconversioninthe hydraulic torque converter 30 generally decreases with increasesin vehicle speed, and the torque transmitted through' thetransmission decreases similarly; so that the holding power of the various frictionV engaging mechanisms completing the drive, such as the front clutch 31 havinggline pressure maintaining'it engaged andthe front brakeY 33 .having front servo apply pressure main; taining it engaged, may,be-.decreasedwithout slippage, 'and hence thelinepressureand front .servo apply pressure applied to kengage the friction engaging mechanisms isdecreased. 'Phe rearpump 161 is thesole supply of line pressure after the vehiclehas started moving, 'and thisV pump thus pumps against a reduced line pressure and requires less powerfor 'driving the pump.

The increasedcompensatorpressure in conduits 419' and 218"`is kapplied tothe secondary` main regulator valve 163 .'Iand tends to move its .valve piston 230 farther tothe. right to further open the port 234 to decreasey the con verter pressure in conduits 25lxandf217. As has .been explained, the torque conversion in the torque converter decreases generally with increases in vehicle speed,` and theorie-way brake 43 releases and the stator 38 begins action .ofthe -spring @79 when the accelerator is depressed to rotate; whena one tol one. speed ratio through. the converter- 30 is approached withrincreases in vehiclespeedi and I have found that thedluidapressure required forthev drivethrough the torqucsfconverter. decreases with-such; decreases in torque conversion. The system thus-hals. been designed .todecrease the converter pressure Awithin-u creases. in vehicle speed. After therear pump 161Lhas becomev the sole supply. of line pressure, .the .frontapump 'isthe, sole supply'of Vconverter pressure, andthe front pump 160 pumps. againsta reduced converterpres-v sure with increased vehicle speed, .resulting ina decreased; power requirement for .driving .the front pump..

When the speed of the vehicle increasesto a prcdeter minedvalue, the governor pressure in conduit 290fapplied to various lands in the 2-3 valve 166 increasesVv sucienltly to overcome the eiect of the. throttlepressuref in cond-uit 332 and regulated "throttlel pressure in conduits 330 and 331, so as to move the valve piston 293 to the left into its third speed position. As has been previouslyexplained, the throttle pressure gin-conduit 332 and there-f foret. the regulated throttle pressure in conduit 331'and connected cavities increase in accordance with Vthrottle openingzand .depression of the accelerator 361.. Therefore, the. governor pressure must be at higher values, .the greater vis the accelerator depression and the, greatervis lthe -throttle .pressure and regula-ted throttle. pressure,.iri, order tto overcome-the effect of the. throttle pressureand regulated .throttle pressure andshift the valve pistons 292, 293 land.294to the left into their third speed or directV drive ppsitions.y Thus, the vehicle speed at which' an upshiftoccurs corresponding to this movement of these. pistons is lhigher the greater is the depression of the accelerator so that the increased .torque resulting from the drive in the intermediate speed power train is availablefordriving the vehicle for a longer period during anA acceleration of they vehicle, the greater is the torque demand-by the vehicle operator as is evidenced by accelerator depression. Conversely, the less the .accelerator depression and the lower the throttle pressure, .theleSs is the .governor pressure -increase and vehicle speeding creaseincessary for shifting the 2-3 valve pistons 29.3 and 294 :to the kleft intotheir third speed positions.-

In lthe third speed position ofthe 2-3 valve piston 2937A theA groove 3200i the piston connects theports 363 Aand 3il4f---and thereby the'conduits 269 and 86.` Linepressurer--is thus suppliedfrorn the conduit 269,V through the port .363,.the groove 32%, the port 364, andthe conduit 86,..to'.t`ne piston179fortherear clutch 32, andf-thepiston is moved tov engage the rear'clutch.. Movementof the piston..293.has no ,effect on 'the front clutch; since the; front, .clutch piston. '712remains supplied with. line pressure throughlt'he. conduit 33.'- Eugagement of the. rear clutch dueto application of tluidpressure to lits piston 79 completes-t the directI drive power Vtrain-3 through the transmission.

Simultaneously-with the application of huid pressure tothe rear clutch piston 79, line pressure is also .supplied to -the face.. 98a` of. the. front brake piston 98 Vso as to disengagethef front brake 33 and to break the intere mediate speedpower train through the transmission. Line pressure-is suppiiedto the piston face 98a through' the .conduit 482,.the port 474, they groove 478 of the 3-2 control valvepiston 459. (assuming that the 2-3 valvepis'ton 293. moves. to its third speedv position when the accelerator 36i .is yatleast .partially depressed), the port 473 and `the .conduit 481, The'3-2 .control valve l173 is connectedby means of the conduit 483 with the conduit 332"conta.ining throttle pressure, and the valve lfis thus undertlhecontrol of the throttle pressure so as -tobc at th'eextrerne, rightlimit of its movement against lthe to amedium vthrottle.position,.for example, whereby'theA throttle-.pressure in theconduits 332gand' 483.1is at a; relatively high value so as -t-oV be effective to'held the valve.

Ii5-piston i691` at.' this position ,andrtofbe in'. its illustrated position to the extreme left limit of its movement when the accelerator is at or close to its closed throttle position. In the former position, the ports 473 and 474 are connected by means of the groove 478. If the accelerator is in a released position, the flow of line pressure from the conduit 482 to the conduit 481 is th-rough the restriction 485 for purposes presently to be pointed out. The area of the right side 98a of the piston 98 to which line pressure is applied is greater than the area of the other side 98b of the piston to which regulated front servo apply pressure is applied from the regulator valve 175 and which is generally less than line pressure so, that the effect of the line pressure on the face 98a together with the effect of the spring 99 is to cause brake disengaging movement of the piston 98.

The restriction 328 in the conduit 269 is for the purpose of causing the application of pressure on the clutch piston 79 and on the surface 98a of the front brake servomotor 103 to occur substantially at the same time. In the actual transmission, the conduit 86 to the clutch piston 79 is quite tontuous and impedes the flow of fluid .therethrough to a greater extent than the conduits 481 Iand 482 to the piston face 98a, and the restriction 328 retards the fiuid flow through the conduits to the piston face 98a and the piston 79 and assures that the pressure build up in these two motors will be substantially at the same rate. The restriction 484 in the conduit 482 is relatively quite large with respect to the restriction 328, and it has substantially no effect on this build up of pressure on the piston 79 and in the servomotor 103. As will hereinafter appear, the restriction 484 functions primarily for a change in speed ratio from third speed to second speed.

In the change from high range second speed ratio to high range third speed ratio, the servomotor 103 for the front brake 33 has an accumulator effect and cushions engagement of the rear clutch 32. This accumulator effect is modified and changed with variations in front servo apply pressure effective on the piston face 98h, and the variable accumulator effect is transitory and is over and above the effect due Ito changes in line pressure directly effective on the clutch piston 79 and producing the ultimate variable engaging pressure; however, most changes to third speed ratio take place when the line pressure and front servo apply pressure are at their high vehicle speed values which are 75 p. s. i. in the panticular embodiment mentioned, and hence the accumulator effect of the brake motor 103 is not variable for most changes from second to third speed ratios which occur at appreciable vehicle speeds and with the accelerator in a medium or more fully open throttle position. As has been explained, when the 2-3 valve piston 293 moves to the left into its direct drive position, flu-id pressure flows through the conduits 86, 482 and 481 to simultaneously disengage the front brake 33 and engage the rear clutch 32. By virtue of the orifice 328, pressure applied to the face 98a of the front brake piston 98 and pressure on the clutch piston 79 build up simultaneously for depressed positions of the accelerator 361; however, for released accelerator positions, the disengaging pressure for the brake 33 applied to the piston face 98a is slightly retarded by flowing through the restricted passage 485, inasmuch as Ithe 3-2 control valve piston is in its illustrated position for minimum throttle openings, lbut this retarding effect is not significant for the upshift from second to third speed ratio drive. The manner in which the pressures on the piston face 98a and on the clutch piston 7-9 build up is controlled by the force on the piston 98 tending to hold it in its brake engaged position, which force is the difference between the force due to front servo apply pressure from the valve 175 applied to lthe face 98b of the piston 98 and the force due to the spring 99. As is illustrated with reference to Fig. 4 which applies in particular to the specific embodiment of the invention mentioned above for a change from second to third speed ratio :at medium vehicle speeds and medium or greater: throttle openings pressure on the piston face 98a and clutch piston 79 increases rapidly at first, for approximately a half second, with 0 time denoting the particular instant the 2-3 valve piston has moved into i-ts direct drive position. At this time, the pressure overcomes the force holding the brake piston 98 to lthe limit of its movement to the right, and the piston 98 starts to move. During movement ofthe piston 98, between about 1/2 and 2 seconds as seen on the graph, the pressure applied to the piston 79 and piston face 98a increases quite gradually as seen in Fig. 4 dueto the increasing fiuid storage space in chamber 101 in the brake servomotor 103, and Ithe lactual transition between second and third speed drives takes place at this time during this :gradual pressure increase. Since the pressure increases quite gradually at this time, the speed transition is correspondingly smooth and gradual. When the piston 98 has completed its brake disengaging movement and the speed transition has been completed, the pressure applied to the clutch piston 79 and piston face 98a increases to the full value of line pressure at the same rate as in the first 1/2 second.

In the event that a change from second to third speed ratio is obtained due to movement of the 2-3 valve piston 293 at lower vehicle speeds Iand with a closed or nearly closed throttle accelerator position, as, for example, when the vehicle is coasting down a hill or upon a sudden release of the accelerator 361 atter it has previously been held in a depressed position to gain vehicle speed, the front servo apply pressure on -the piston 98h 'is at some relatively low value, on the surfaces C or D in Fig. 3, for example, with respect Ito the line pressure which is applied on the opposite piston face 98a, The relatively low front servo apply pressure on the piston face 98h changes the accumulator effect in the servo motor 103 for causing an engagement of :the rear clutch 32 at a decreased pressure so that its engagement is not unduly abrupt for Ithe small amount ot' torque being transmitted through the transmission at this position of the accelerator. Referring to the Fig. 4 graph, with the front servo apply pressure being relatively low, the actual shit between one-half second and two seconds on Ithe abscissa of the graph will take place at some lower pressure such as 25 to 28 p. s. i. instead of 40 to 43 p. s. i. which is illustrated. The pressure impressed on the piston face 98a and on the piston 79 for the clutch 32 increases rapidly before .and after the actual shift substantially as shown in the graph; however, the actual shifting during which -rnovement of ithe piston 98 ltak-es place is at a lower pressure than is the case when both the front servo apply pressure and the line pressure are the same, and the engagement of the clutch 32 is more gradual, comparable to the decreased torque being transmitted through the .transmission at this time whereby a smooth change in drive is obtained. l

The transmission may be forced down in speed ratio from third speed drive to intermediate speed drive, while the .transmission is driving in its high speed ratio, by moving the accelerator 361 t-o its forced downshif-t position. Movement of the accelerator 361 from its open throttle position to its forced downshift position moves the land 347 of the downehift valve piston 333 off the port 343 to open the conduit 359, which is supplied with line pressure from the conduit 216, to the conduit 327 through the groove 348 and port 344. Line pressure is thus supplied to the port 302 in .the 2-3 valve 166, and fluid under this pressure enters the casing portion 295 .and acts on the face 316e of the land 316 to laugment the action of the springs 325 and 326. Line pressure is also supplied from the port 382 by means of the port 310, the passage 331 and the conduit 330 through the port 308 to the faces 322g and 32311 `of the lands 322 and 323 of the piston 294. The line pressure acting on the faces 316a, 322e and 323a moves the pistons 293 and 294 to the right into their intermediate speed positions infwhich'they `are illustrated against the action of the governorpressure applied to the land faces'316b,h317a and.323b.=of the lands 316, 3l7and 323.

The piston 293 is its intermediate speed position functions kto drain the conduit 86 andconnected pistons and conduits through its groove 326,1' the port 305,'1the conduit 271,- the port 259, thev groove 268-of Vthe selector valve piston 255 and the bleed port 258 to the sump 184. The clutch 32 having its piston 79 connected with `the conduit 86: is thus disengaged. The front brake 33 is appliedsimultaneously with the disengagement of the rear clutch32rby releasing the iluidvpressure on the face 98a ofthe piston 98'for the brake, theuirl applied vto the piston facef98a draining through the conduit `481, the

this forced down transition by means of the accelerator to delay the application of the front brake 33 with respect to the disengagement of the rear clutch 32. The restriction 484 impedes the flow of fluid through the conduits 481 and 482 from the brake servomotor 103, while no corresponding impediment is in the conduit 86 from the rearclutch piston 79. This delayed application of the frontA brakewith respect to disengagement of the rear clutch 32 allows the speed of the engine 363 to riseY momentarily without substantial loadingfrom the driven shaft 26 to obtain approximately the speed at whichit will operate to drive the driven shaft 26-in intermediatespeed drive a moment laterwhen `engagement of the front brake 33 and disengagement of the rear clutch 32 are both completed.

The transmission is also downshifted from third speed ratio to second speed ratio when the vehicle decreases below a predetermined speed, with the accelerator-being in its closed Vthrottle position. With the accelerator in this position, there is substantially no throttle pressure in the conduit 332, and the land 350 of the throttle valve piston 335 substantially blocks the port 340 supplied with line pressure. When a predetermined decreased vehicle speed is reached, the valve piston-293 of the 243 valve 166 moves to the right from its third speed position to its second speed position. Before this movement of the shift valve piston 293, the governor pressure in the conduit 290 and applied to the land faces 316b andv 323b has been effective to hold the piston 293 in its third speed position; however, upon `a decrease in vehicle speed to this predetermined speed, the governor pressure in the conduit 290 has decreased to such an extent that itis no-longer sullicient acting on these land faces Ato hold the piston 293 in its third speed position, and the springs 325 and v326 are then 'elective to move the piston into its second speed position. The groove 329 in the piston 293 is then effective to drain the conduit 86 and conduit 482for disengaging the rear clutch 32 and engaging the front brake 33 vfor breaking the third speed power train and! completing the, second speed power train similarly as for a downshitt by moving the accelerator to its forced d'ownshift position.

Although the front brake 33 is applied with `an ultimate pressure (front servo apply pressure) that varies in accordance with accelerator depression and which-is at 'a minimum corresponding to the closed throttle position -of the accelerator, I have found that in order for a smooth change in drive to be made under these conditions, it is desirable to add an additional restriction to the flow of fluid from the chamber 101 -inthe front brake servonrotor 103 for causing thebrake to haveza delayed application. The rear clutch-32`-in driving in direct drive;

24; with the .accelerator released, 4is not transmitting muchA`r torque, .and a complete` disengagement of the clutch= 32L4 does not take place until some -time later as compared* withthe condition in which a third` speed to seoondspeed'- change takes placewithvthe engine driving,iandlfor this;v reason it is desirable to apply the brake 33 at-asomey what later time for causing asmooth-completion oflth'eH second speed drive through the transmission. The con-F duit 86 to the rear clutch Apiston furthermore is-quitel tortuous in theV actual transmission, in comparison'to -th'en actual conduits 482 and 481 which tends to retardclutchfdisengaging -uid ow through the conduity 86 as: com-- pared to the brake engaging fluid flowA through theiconduits 482 and 481,l and hence the additional restriction.. 485 has been addedfor thisreason also betweenth'e.- conduits 481 and 482 for released 'acceleratorv conditions for similarly retarding llow through these `latter-conf duits so that the brake 33 does not engage too `s'o'on vv-ith. respect to engagement of the clutchf32. In this connection I have provided the 3-2 'controlvalve 173 which` controls dow-through the restricted passage 485land :addsian extra impedance to the flow of fluid through Vthecon-AV duits 481 and 482 when the accelerator is initsjclosed throttle position.

As has` been previously explained, when the accelerator is `in a closed throttle position, there is substantially'no' throttle pressure present in conduit 332. There thusis*- no throttle pressure Veiective on the land face 476e ofthe 3-2 controll valve piston 469, and the spring 479Iholdsthe valve piston at the limit -of its movement totheA left. The valve piston 469, incidentally, is m'oved againstf' its spring 479^when the accelerator is givenanyappre-V ciable throttle opening movement The land 477 inthisA position ofthe valve piston blocksthe port 473,- andfthus any fluid from the chamber 101and passing through the' conduit 481A may only escape through the-rrestrictedpas-l sage ,485into4 the conduit 482.1v Thus, under these conf` ditions, the pressure on the face 98a of the brake piston 98 and which'holds the brake 33 disengageddrains away/ slower thanwould otherwise be lthe case and causes a delayed application of the front brake for a Asmooth com` pletion of the second speed power train through the transmission.

The transmission may also be downshiftedfrom-third'l speed ratio to second speed ratio when -the accelerator is in'a partly open throttle position, as for example vwhen the vehicle isV ascending a slight grade. The front servo apply regulator valve 175 under these conditions `has the effect of providing a smooth change from third speed` ratio to second speed ratio drive. The 3-2 control valve piston 469 is moved to the right against thev action ,of the spring 479 when the accelerator is out of'its closed, throttle position due to thethrottle pressure in. conduits 332 and 483 applied to the valve piston 469, and ,this valve piston thus is notV effective for cushioning changerin drive.V Under high torque conditions, as `when.,y

theaccelerator is movedto its medium throttle positipnU (see Fig. 1D) or therCbSS/Ond, Vthe presence yof 1ine pres sure (the front servo apply pressure has the value of line pressure, under these conditions) on the. apply piston surface 98h provides a smoothchange in drive; however, I havefound that when the accelerator is only slightly depressed, `as to 20% carburetor opening, fof example, which is more than sufficient for moving the 3-2 control` valve piston 469 into its position connecting the ports 474 and 473, it is desirable to provide additional means j for smoothingthe ratio change. Under these conditions, the front servo apply pressure is shown on the area C of the Fig. 3 graph which is lower than line pressure, andl when the 2- 3 valve piston 293 moves back into its second speed position, in which it is illustrated, due to a reduction in vehicle speed and governor pressure in conduit 290l and connected conduits, the front servo dis-vv engaging `pressure impressed on the pistonface 98a-willj.

drain, as in aforceddownshift position of rtheelacceleravf tor, through the conduit 48 1, the port 4 73, the groove 478 in the 3-2 control valve piston 469, the groove 474, the conduit 482 and through the conduit 86, together with the fluid from the clutch piston 79. Due to the fact that the front servo apply pressure on the piston face 98h is reduced with respect to line pressure, the brake 33 is applied with less severity than would be the case if full line pressure were present on the piston face 98b, and the completion of the second speed drive is quite smooth, due to the functioning and presence of the front servo apply regulator valve 175 providing the reduced front servo apply pressure on the piston face 98b.

The vehicle may also be operated and started in low range. Line pressure in this case is provided solely by the front pump 160, the same as for neutral condition of the control system, it being assumed that the vehicle is just starting and is operating at too low a speed for the output pressure of the rear pump 161 to open the check valve 220 so that the rear pump 161 will discharge into the conduit 216. The manual selector valve piston 255 is moved by the vehicle operator into its L or low range position to condition the transmission and controls for low range operation.

The selector Valve piston 255 in its L position connects the ports 260, 261 and 262 by means of its groove 267. The conduit 216 connected with the port 261 thus supplies pressure to the conduit 83 connected with the port 262 and also with the conduit 270 connected with the port 260. The conduit 83, similar to its function in the high range condition of the hydraulic control system, supplies uid under pressure to the piston 71 for engaging the front clutch 31 and also supplies fluid pressure through the conduit 289 to the governor valve 16S. The conduit 468 connected with the conduit 83 supplies line pressure, as in high range operation, to the l-2 valve 172; however, in low range operation, the 1 2 valve blocks the conduit 468 and its port 460 by its land 461.

The conduit 270 connected with the port 260 is also supplied with line pressure, as has been mentioned, and this conduit is connected with the piston 113 for the rear brake 34 for applying this brake, the connection being through the conduit 502, the port 491, the groove 498 of the low inhibitor valve piston 486, the port 490, the conduit 501, the conduit 449, the port 433, the port 434, and the conduit 450 to the brake piston 113. Both the front clutch 31 and the rear brake 33 are thus applied, and the low speed power train through the transmission is completed.

Governor pressure in the conduits 290, 503 and 504, which increases with vehicle speed, is applied to the land faces 497a and 49611, providing a resultant force increasing with vehicle speed tending to shift the low inhibitor valve piston 486 to the left against the action of the spring 500; however, when the vehicle is started in low range, the governor pressure never becomes suicient to shift the piston 486 from its illustrated position.

Line pressure is applied to the face 463:1 of the land 463 of the 1-2 valve piston 452 through the conduit 449. Line pressure is also applied to the land face 461a on the opposite end of the piston 452 through the conduit 468, as has been described. Since the face 463a is larger in diameter than the face 461er, the net effect of the line pressure on the two ends of the piston 452 is to hold a piston in its illustrated position to the limit of its movement to the left. Assuming the accelerator 361 is in a medium throttle position, there thus exists in the conduit 332 a throttle pressure which is regulated by the throttle valve 168. This throttle pressure is impressed on the face 439a of the land 439 on the low regulator valve piston 424 and holds the pistons 423 and 424 to the limits of their movement to the left as seen in the gure, and the valve 171 thus allows line pressure to freely flow from the conduit 449 to the conduit 450 for engaging the rear brake 34.

Line pressure is applied to the right end of the piston l36s of the TV modulator valve 169 from the enduit 501 and through the conduit 386 and port 372, assisting `the spring 385 in holding the piston to the limit of its movement to the left. In this position of the piston 368, its groove 384 connects the ports 376, 375 and 374 so that throttle pressure in the conduit 332 connected with `the port 375 is supplied also to the conduits 387 and 388 connected respectively with the ports 374 and 376. Throttle pressure is applied also to the face 380a of the land 380 on the TV modulator valve piston 368 through the branch conduit 389 tending to move the piston 368 to the right; however, it is not suicient to overcome the eifect of line pressure applied through the conduit 386 on the right end of the piston 368.

The throttle pressure in conduits 387 and 388 is ap plied to the faces 407b, 408b and 409a on the lands 407, 408 and 409 of the compensator valve piston 293, and since the land 408 is larger than the land 407 and the land 409 is larger than the land 408, the net effect of the throttle pressure on the piston 392 is to force it to the right against the action of the spring 417 to the limit of its movement in this direction. The governor pressure in conduit 290 is effective on the piston 393 tending to move it and the piston 392 to the left; however, it is not suicient to overcome the action of the throttle pressure.

The compensator valve piston 392 under these condi- -tions blocks line pressure from the conduit 418 and its port 403 to the port 404 and the connected compensator pressure conduit 420, and there is thus no pressure within `the latter conduit. Since there is no pressure in the conduit 420 and connected conduits 419 and 218 applied to the primary main regulator valve 162, there is no counteracting action on the spring 214 of this valve from this source, and the primary main regulator valve functions to provide an increased line pressure, for eX- ample, 175 lbs. per sq. in., in the conduit 216. The secondary main regulator valve 163 functions similarly with no fluid pressure in the conduit 218 impressed on it to provide an increased uid pressure in the converter 30, higher than any provided in high range operation of the transmission. The line pressure in conduit 216 is applied to both the piston 113 for the rear brake 34 and also to the front clutch piston 71, and hence increased engaging pressures are provided on both of these friction engaging mechanisms which is suflicient to take the increased torque and reaction for driving through the transmission in low speed ratio. As has been previously explained, for the direction of reaction on the rear brake l34 for the low speed forward drive, the brake band 104 `for this brake tends to unwrap, and the torque that must be taken by the band 104 for the low speed ratio is -about one and one-half times the torque impressed on the shaft 27. Due to these two facts, the relatively great engaging force on the band 104 due to the increased line pressure in conduit 216, is required for completing the low speed ratio forward drive.

For the particular embodiment of the invention previously mentioned, the line pressure in conduit 216 is shown graphically in Fig. 5. The line pressure rnay be -found on the surface bounded by the points 555, 556, 557 and 558, the surface bounded by the points 556, 559, 560 and 557 and the surface bounded by the points 559, 561, 562 and 560. The line pressure, as in other Y cases, varies inversely as the compensator pressure. For the first portion of the accelerator movement, as to provide throttle openings between 0% and 8% at zero vehicle speed, the line pressure will remain in its minimum value of lbs. per sq. in. on the surface bounded by the points 555, 556, 557 and 558. For additional throttle openings, as between 8% and 15% at Zero vehicle speed, the line pressure is found on the surface bounded by the points 556, 559, 560 and 557 and the line pressure increases quickly on this surface from the minimurn value of 75 lbs. per sq. in. to the maximumvalue.of 175.1bs. per sq. in. For additional throttle openings, as. from to 100% at zero vehicle speed, the line pressure in low range will be found on the surface bounded by the points S59, 561, 562 and 560 and is at itsmaximum value of 175 lbs. per sq. in. The variations ofconverter pressure in low range is quite similar to line pressure. but of course the pressure values are much less.

The transmission may be changed under manual control while the vehicle is traveling at relatively low vehicle speeds (below 4() M. P. H. for the particular embodiment mentioned) from high range third-speed ratio to low range.. rst speed ratio for. thereby providing greater engine .braking effect on the vehicle. For providing this change, the manual selector valve piston 255- is moved from its high rangeposition to its low range position. When this change is made, the accelerator is assumed-4 to have been previously returned to its closed throttle position, and there is accordingly substantially no throttle pressure in the conduit 332. This movement of the selector valve piston Z55-has the effect of blocking `the port 263 from line pressure in conduit 216 and connecting the port 261 for the conduit 216 with the port 260and the connected conduit 27). Line pressure in conduit 270 is supplied to the faces 31612 and 323:1 of the 2 3 valve pistons 293 and 294 through the ports 345 and 344 of the downshift valve 167 and the groove 348 of the downshift valve piston 333, the conduit 327, the port 392, the port 316, the passage 331, the conduit 330 andport 30S. The function of the line pressure on the land faces 316:1 and 323a is to move the 2 3 valve pistons293 and 294 to the limit of their movement to the right, regardless of the value of the governor pressure acting on these pistons tending to move them in -the opposite direction, and any fluid pressure in the conduit 86 may drain to the sump through the ports 304 and 30S of the 2 3 valve 166, the groove 320 of the. 2 3 valve piston 293, the conduit 2'71, the port `259 of the manual valve 164, the groove 268 of the manual valve piston S and the bleed port 258 of the manual valve 164. The conduit 86 is connectedv with the piston 79 for the rear clutch 32, and this clutchis thereby disengaged.

The line pressure in conduit 83 is continued to be supplied tothe piston 71 for the front clutch 31 for maintaining the clutch engaged, and the line pressure from conduit 83 is suppliedthrough the conduit 289 to the governor valve 165. The conduit 468 carries line pressure from the conduit S3 to the 1 2 valvev172; however, the conduit 467 connected with the brake applying side 98h of the piston. 98 inthe servo-motor 103 for the front brake 33 is blocked with. respect to the. conduit 468 carrying line pressure, and the conduit 467 is drained by the 1 2 valve 172, as will now be described.

The low inhibitor valve is governor pressure conscious as hasfbeen previously described, and below the critical governor speed (40 M. P. H. for the particular embodiment of the invention mentioned), the low inhibitor valve' piston 486.is in its illustrated position, being. held inV this position by the spring tl. The low inhibitorvalve piston thus supplies line pressure from the conduits 270.v and`502, through the port' 491, the pistongroove 498.l and the port. 490 to the conduit 501.

The .line pressure in conduit 501 is applied through the conduit 449 and port 459,015 the 1 2 valve 172 to the land face 463a of the 1 2 valve piston. 452. Line pressure from the conduit 468. supplied from theconduitV piston 452 is moved to the left to the limit ofits move-` ment. ln this position, the 1 2 valve piston 452-blocks theport 460 with respect to the port.456,- so that the line pressure in conduit 468 is blockedfrom the conduit 467,; and fluid is drained from conduit .467 throughport 46ofthe 1 2. valve172, the groove"` 464 ofthe 1 2 2S valve piston 4,52, andl the bleed port 457: Thus uid pressure is drained from both sides of the brake piston 98, and this brake remains disengageddue to the action ofthe spring 99 in making the manually controlledchaemge,- from high range direct to low range'rst speed drive.

kThe line pressure supplied to conduits 501 and 449 through the low inhibitor valve 174 from the conduit 270` is Yalso supplied to piston 113 for the rear friction brake 34 after being regulated to a lower value by the low regulator valve 171 with the accelerator 361 being,

released. As has been explained, there is no throttle pressure in the conduit 332 with the accelerator 361. in

its closed throttle position, and there is thusno Huid pressure applied to the land face 439g of the low regulatorvalve piston 424 tendingA to hold the piston 424 to the limit of Vits movement to the left. The line pressure.

in conduit 449 is supplied through the port 433 to the right end of the low regulator valve 171, and thev luid"V flowsthrough the port 434 and conduitASi) ,to thebralre piston 1,13 in the servomotor 116 and acts to move the; piston in a brake engagingdirection against the action of the spring 115. The same pressure` in the conduit 450 which is applied to the brake piston is alsosup'plied through theport 432, the conduit 445 and the port 429V, to theland face 43611 on the low regulator valve. pistonA 423` and tends` to move thepiston 423 and thereby the` piston 424 to theV rightto move the land441 to blockl the.

port 434. The valve piston 424 thus has a regulating action, similar to the regulating action of the 'othefr'vregu-Y lator valves including the primary mainregulator valve` 162, providing regulated rear servo brake pressurel in the conduit 450which is at some predetermined lower.

value than the linepressure in' conduits 591 and 449'v andmwhich varies along with therline pressure. Thisrer, duced uid pressure .on the piston 113 for the rear brake.

throughthe transmission from the drive shaft25 rto the y driven shaft 26, and the. brake is unwrappingor seltdeenergizing for the directionof reaction ,on itv for the low speedforward drive from theA drive .shaft 254 to the driven shaft 26. With the accelerator 361.released and a change being made from third vspeed ratio to viirstspeed ratio, the vehicle tends to drive the engine 363 vthroughy the transmissionfrom the drivenshaft 26, and when.l

the brake 34 is engaged toA complete the lowl-speedforrward drive, the direction of. reaction. on. theV brake is thev same asV forzreverse drive, and the .braltef34 wraps and would engage too abruptlyif line. pressure were applied to the4 brake under these. conditions. The pressure applied to the brake 34 has thusbeen'regulated by the low regulator valve 171 for reducing the applying pressure of the brake under these, circumstances for providing avsmooth, gradual completion of the low speed'prower train.

The restriction S05 in the conduit 501 restricts. the ilow ofline pressure throughV the` conduits SG1-and 449 and reduces the. initial rate .of increase of iluidfpressure Yin the lattercOndUit, and it .thereby reduces the initialrate of' increaseV of regulated rear servofbralte pressureI in. conduit 450which is regulated bythelow regulator valveA 171.k The restrictionV 505 thus, acts in conjunctionwith the low regulator. valve in providing a gradual engagea ment of the brake 34and consequent gradual completion of `the low vspeed forward` drivepower train,

AsA the accelerator is. moved toward open throttle posi-V tion afterW the movement. of the` selector ,valve 25.5r and the change in speed ratio' havev been completed` to drive the vehicle in first speed, the resulting throttle pressure Vin conduit 332v acting on the land face 439a of the -l`ow 

